Only a tiny fraction of your good bacteria are in the water. For cycling, use gravel/sand and rocks from an old tank and the largest bacteria colony is in your filter as the previous post said. Used water miight help seed your tank, but you'll still have to grow the colonies.
You'll have to feed the empty tank to keep the bacteria growing, plants will compete with your bacteria for ammonia,so might be a good idea to remove them till you start producing nitrate. Many methods will work
Usualy takes 3-6 weeks. Ammonia will spike first, then nitrite. Then, both ammonia and nitrite will decline while nitrAte slowly rises.
If you have a used filter that you could switch over to the new tank you might be good to go immediatly. If you can't use an old filter ,just place used filter pad from the old one into the new filter. It will greatly reduce cycling time.
You'll know your cycled when ammonia and nitrite read 0, and some nitrate is present... usualy reading 20-40. Do a big water change to reduce nitrate at that point and your ready for fish!