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In the tank right now are one each of: Giant Danio, Silver Dollar, and Clown Loach. From doing my research, these are all schooling fish and could all benefit from tank mates.
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First off, the loach is not going to work in a 55 gallon. They can get to be a foot in length and like to group with several of their own kind. A 55 is just not going to be big enough to handle them. I'd take him back to a fish store if at all possible.
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Silver Dollar is another schooling fish. How big is it and what variety? The larger silver dollars are probably too big for the tank. They are also much like angelfish, rather easy going but if it can fit in their mouth's they'll eat it. If you want to plant the tank I'd definitely take it back, otherwise I think real hard about taking it back.
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Giant Danio is probably not a problem. It would prefer a tank with a lot of current and other giant danios. Personally I would take him back and start fresh, building up a good school of them will put a pretty decent bioload on the tank and they won't appreciate a heavily planted tank. They'd prefer to have swimming room.
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B. Any other fish recommendations?
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For a school I'd go with something relatively bullet proof. Fish like zebra danios, platys, male guppies. Throw in some tetras and some corys. Lots of color and movement, all community fish, and fairly simple to care for.
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And the big question...Could I convert this from a filtered tank to a natural planted tank (so all they'd have to do is test the water and replace evaporated water)
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No. At least not if you want a planted fish tank. If you want a plant tank with a few fish in it you can do it. The problem is that you need a tremendous number of plants to filter the waste from even a single fish. Look at any of the naturally filtered tanks out there. You'll notice they are all packed to the gills with plants but only a few small fish. Plants are great to add to a tank. Just don't expect a handful to take over the job of your filter. If you want to plant the tank you need to decide just what your goal is. There's a lot that goes into the selection of your light, filter, and even a CO2 system if you really wanna go for it.
You can use a standard light fixture and have a hang on back filter, a few low light plants, and only does something like Flourish Excel for carbon. Alternately you could have canister fitler, 200W of lighting over the tank, and a pressurized CO2 system if you're looking to really over grow the tank. So the real question is what are your goals if you plant it?